Personal Reflection Adelaide Brighton Limited

Question: Examine about the Personal Reflection for Adelaide Brighton Limited. Answer: Feeling about Learning Experience Examination Perspective from twentieth March to 31st March From investigating the effect and utilization of the board bookkeeping hypotheses I have assembled enough information in regards to effects of the executives bookkeeping on the money related execution of the chose fabricating organization that is Adelaide Brighton. I have picked up information in regards to the foundation writing, a few different speculations of the executives bookkeeping, and compelling acts of the executives bookkeeping alongside fundamental parts of the companys budgetary execution (Bryman Bell, 2015). I have increased an extraordinary comprehension with respect to the way that there are two administration bookkeeping speculations that can be applied by Adelaide Brighton incorporate possibility hypothesis and institutional human science hypothesis. Through fruition of the report I have comprehended that administration bookkeeping rehearses are enormously utilized inside a few assembling organizations alongside preferred behaviors envelop planning through controlli ng costs and assessment of hierarchical execution. I have comprehended the way that these administration bookkeeping hypotheses encourages the chiefs in understanding the costs that is foreseen later on planning period alongside offering a sign concerning occasional changes in the organization. Estimation of Such Experience Examination Perspective from eleventh April to twentieth April From the investigation of budgetary execution of Adelaide Brighton, I have increased a comprehension with respect to the way that examination of particular determinants of the money related execution is fundamental for partners of the organization however explicitly for the companys designers. I have comprehended that the organization has its business activities through keeping up unmistakable assembling and circulation offices in particular pieces of South Australia, New South Wales and any more (Alsharari, Dixon Youssef, 2015). I have picked up information on the way that budgetary presentation of assembling organizations, for example, Adelaide Brighton is affected by characterized advertise position of the organization. I have assembled an understanding that monetary exhibition of the assembling organizations is affected by showcase position of the assembling organization. Through consummation of the paper, I have increased an understanding that benefit of Adelaide Brighton Compan y may be sectioned inside particular perspectives that incorporates net turnover with net overall revenue (Carlson-Wall, Kraus Lind, 2015). Helpfulness of the Learning Experience Exploration Perspective from 26th May to twentieth June I have accumulated a comprehension on the way that there are viewpoints that assemble understanding in regards to a few perspectives. This influences the determination procedure of reasonable administration bookkeeping rehearses inside the organization. I have additionally comprehended that specific changes can for the most part start from a few distinct settings that demonstrate reasonable administration rehearses win assorted culture settings of the environmental factors (Bryman and Bell 2015). I have increased a definite information on the way that scholastic writing likewise brings up towards certain activities in particular, assimilation costing as alongside minor costing that is progressively considered by various organizations. The executives bookkeeping rehearses by and large encourages in empowering the board to achieve appropriate data with respect to noteworthy dynamic. I have lo increased an itemized understanding in regards to evident significance of transcendently cost bookkeeping can be driven precisely by diminishing gainfulness, expanding cost with rivalry, alongside financial emergency of the world (Merriam and Tisdell 2015). I have likewise increased a nitty gritty understanding dependent on this paper there are organizations that see conventional administration bookkeeping forms over the new administration bookkeeping practices which incorporate vital arranging alongside move evaluating. Manners by which New Knowledge and Insights will be utilized Exploration Perspective from 21st April to 30th April I have achieved an incredible comprehension on the way that money related execution of an assembling organization is resolved through a few pointers that incorporates benefit alongside esteem augmentations, financial plans, and deals incomes alongside costs alongside that it relies upon the markers of the securities exchange (Brandau et al., 2013). The examination of the writing survey clarified the intermediaries for the money related execution incorporate a few presentation measures, major budgetary proportions remembering Return for Assets alongside Return on Equity. I have picked up information on the way that reasonable administration bookkeeping practices can encourage in understanding the money related situation of the organization through fitting assessment of the assembling organizations monetary professions. Learning Process Explanations Examination Perspective from first May to 25th May From the assessment of the writing audit, I increased a knowledge that unmistakable administration bookkeeping rehearses for the assembling organizations can have the option to help a companys framework (Arena, Azzone Bengo, 2015). I increased a nitty gritty understanding that viable administration bookkeeping practices incorporates execution assessment, appropriate planning, and data sharing for business dynamic, business system assessment and some more. I have understood the effect of the board bookkeeping rehearses on the money related execution of the organization and encourages unique directions to the matter of Adelaide Brighton. I have assembled a point by point understanding in regards to add up to administration bookkeeping rehearses that underpins administrative behaviors. In addition, I understood that the writing survey encouraged the comprehension of the budgetary exhibition with examination of unmistakable determinants of the money related execution is indispensable for the assembling organization investors (Alsharari, Dixon Youssef 2015). Significance of Research Subject Examination Perspective from first April to tenth April I have assembled from the examination subject that specific effect it can have on incomes alongside incomes of the organization (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). From assessment of the current writing on the executives bookkeeping speculations, I have comprehended that business concerns are key on their response to particular organization pressures that is introduced to these organizations. I can accordingly affirm the way that the assembling organizations ought to cling differently to orders or, more than likely expect certain proper structure alongside process. In addition, I can try to direct the equivalent in a manipulative manner inside an offer to pick up authenticity along in the manner for making sure about unmistakable assets on which the organizations rest. I have increased a comprehension on the way that the administration bookkeeping rehearses likewise encourages an assembling organization to continue inside serious, exceptionally changing encompassing as this offers an extens ive serious advantage for an organization. I can affirm the way that the organization can direct administrative exercises, human conduct inspiration, maintains alongside creating social qualities fundamental for accomplishing the companys vital destinations (Merriam Tisdell, 2015). References Alsharari, N.M., Dixon, R. Youssef, M.A.E.A., 2015. The executives bookkeeping change: basic audit and another relevant framework.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,11(4), 476-502. Field, M., Azzone, G. Bengo, I., 2015. Execution estimation for social enterprises.VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,26(2), 649-672. Brandau, M., Endenich, C., Trapp, R. Hoffjan, A., 2013. Institutional drivers of conformityEvidence for the executives bookkeeping from Brazil and Germany.International Business Review,22(2), 466-479. Bryman, A. Chime, E., 2015.Business exploration strategies. Oxford University Press, USA. Carlsson-Wall, M., Kraus, K. Lind, J., 2015. Key administration bookkeeping in close between authoritative relationships.Accounting and Business Research,45(1), 27-54. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research structure: Qualitative, quantitative, and blended techniques draws near. Sage distributions. Eriksson, P. furthermore, Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage. Merriam, S.B. Tisdell, E.J., 2015.Qualitative examination: A manual for plan and usage. John Wiley Sons.

The Hangi Essays - Physics, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics

The Hangi How does the development of the Hangi cook the food with it? Presentation: The Hangi is a customary Maori technique for preparing food. Food from a Hangi is cooked underground by super hot volcanic shakes and steam, which gathers onto the food, along these lines cooking it. To make a hangi , a heap of wood is lit under the ground, warming up the light and simple to warm volcanic stone intensely hot. In current Hangi , wire crates loaded up with food are put inside the ground alongside the volcanic shakes and secured with a wet fabric and soil uncovered starting from the earliest stage. The hot steam made underground with the food has no other method of getting away, so it consolidated onto the food, moving its warmth onto it. Following 3 hours, the food ought to be totally cooked. Section 1: Construction of Modern and Traditional Hangi Prior to the Introduction of metals and wire, the Maori just had Hangi to prepare their food. In customary Hangi , the food is spread out onto bark, enormous leaves, clean sticks, huge leaves and different sorts of vegetation. These techniques convey an entire scope of employments including keeping the food clean, decrease consuming, and to keep direct contact with the super-warmed rocks to an outright least. A few clans utilized a cut wooden bowl called Kono to prepare food by setting their food inside, at that point putting hot shakes on a fluid base to warm up the fluid, along these lines preparing the food within it. The conventional Hangi prepared an assortment of food, for example, fish, winged creatures, other land creatures, and vegetable leaves, for example, Puha , Kokihi and Kohetake . This strategy for preparing food was not anyway principally utilized for preparing food yet additionally preferred by Tohunga (Expert Practitioners) for making prescriptions and cures by wa rming up leaves, bark and other natural issue. The presentation of cooking vessels, for example, pots and container finished the day by day utilization of Hangi to prepare food. This is on the grounds that Hangi take a great deal of time, readiness and wanting to go into it, while the utilization of a pot or skillet can make that procedure much faster.In current Hangi , the leaves that were utilized are probably going to be subbed with aluminum foil and metal crates made of wire. The crates arranged with food wrapped with aluminum foil are painstakingly positioned inside the stones, with cabbage leaves on the base of the bushel to forestall the bin and aluminum foil from consuming. The food is then secured on the top with a wet fabric, at that point showered with water to make additional steam for the Hangi to cook on. At that point a hill of Earth is put on the Hangi is a way which traps the steam and warmth from getting away. The food is then cooked and prepared to eat in 3 to 4 h ours. The cutting edge Hangi , as I would see it, is better that the customary Hangi for various reasons. Right off the bat, the conventional Hangi utilizes material they find in the bramble, for example, leaves, bark and sticks to put their food over. This may be a wellbeing peril to the individuals that eat the food as earth and different flotsam and jetsam, for example, debris from consuming articles like wood, or the soil figuring out how to get into and pollute the food. Additionally, individuals may get consume really taking shape of the fire, particularly in the hot conditions inside and close to the Hangi . A cutting edge Hangi Machine is accessible for buy and it is an a lot more secure approach to prepare food. With this Hangi machine, you can cook kai effectively, with less planning and risk. Yet, I accept the Hangi Machine sabotages the entire conventional food some portion of the Hangi . Section 2: Types of Heat Transfer and Open and Closed Systems Fluids and Gases extend when they are warmed. This is on the grounds that the particles in the fluids and gases vibrate quicker and quicker as they get more smoking, making them move. They additionally lose vitality when they are cooler, easing back the vibration of the particles down, which makes the particles more slow than when the fluid and gases are

22 Creative Nonfiction Books That Will Make You Feel All the Feels

22 Creative Nonfiction Books That Will Make You Feel All the Feels The first time I picked up an issue of  Creative Nonfiction, it contained an explainer by founder and editor Lee Gutkind on the genre itself. In the piece, Gutkind attempted to answer a number of the questions that continue to swirl around the genre: What does the creative in creative nonfiction (CNF) really mean? Does it give writers license to just make stuff up and peddle it as truth? What about the reconstruction of scene and dialogue? And how about the fallibility of memory? What is creative nonfiction? The simplest definition Ive seen: creative nonfiction is a form of nonfiction that uses the elements of fictionâ€"scene setting, dialogue, narrative arc, etc.â€"to tell a true story. And while the lengths to which writers push the bounds of creativity can vary, its nonfiction only if the writer can stand behind the content 100 percent and attest to its veracity. Meanwhile, what form the genre takes is a bit more complicated. Creative nonfiction can range from the purely personal (such as memoir or personal essay)   to the researched and reported (narrative journalism). But when you start to drill down into genre labels, things become murkier. Within the memoir genre alone, there are food memoirs, stunt memoirs, medical memoirs, grief memoirs, travel memoirs, and more. And the forms they take can vary, too. They can be graphic. They can be lyrical. They can be strung-together essays or strung-together flash pieces. They can be several of these forms or sub-genres all at once. And on top of that, personal pieces and researched/reported pieces can be woven together. Is it any wonder that, when it comes to figuring out what really counts as creative nonfiction, theres so much confusion? The best creative nonfiction books and reads Below, I share 22 of my favorite book-length works of creative nonfiction, works that run the gamut of form and subject matter. No matter what your particular genre kryptonite, youre sure to find  something that can act as the ideal entry point into CNF. Drawing Blood  by Molly Crabapple Both brilliant and beautiful, this memoir gives readers an inside look at the art world while also tackling issues of sexualization, political activism, and more. As a bonus, Crabapple’s text is interspersed with her gorgeous, vivid illustrations. And if you end up enjoying this one, youre in luck! Crabapple recently provided illustrations for Marwan Hishams  Brothers of the Gun, which just released in May. Together, they bring to life Hishams story of coming of age during the Syrian war. Reading Lolita in Tehran by Azar Nafisi This memoir in books is an old favorite of mine from the early 2000s. Nafisi writes of the secret book group she led, made up of her most committed female students, using the forbidden Western classics they read to give readers a nuanced look at what life was like in revolutionary Iran. The Clancys of Queens by Tara Clancy After seeing Clancy speak on a panel at Book Riot Liveâ€"about using humor to tackle difficult topicsâ€"I had to buy her memoir. She made me laugh so hard I was weeping. Her book, about growing up as a woman in working-class Queens, is just as hilarious. Love and Trouble by Claire Dederer Almost eight years ago, Dederer wrote a yoga memoir: Poser. This memoir, on the other hand, is about the author reconciling the young woman she used to be with the woman she has become in midlife. I especially appreciated her brazen honesty, and her generosity in sharing her innermost ugly thoughts. Poor Your Soul by Mira Ptacin After grappling with infertility for several years, I wasnt sure I could handle this grief memoir about a pregnancy the author was forced to terminate due to the revelation that the fetus was carrying a number of birth defects and would have no choice of surviving outside the womb. But Ptacins writing is exquisite, and this story of loss is perfectly layered. Wave by Sonali Deraniyagala Speaking of a gut punch,  Wave  is the nonfiction account of a woman who loses everyone she loves in a tsunami off the coast of Sri Lanka, including her two sons. The sole survivor, she is still searching for healing at the end of her book, a tale that spans years upon years. It is relentless in its despair, but well worth the read if you can handle it. Anything That Moves by Dana Goodyear Lets take a break from depressing reads. Im a sucker for food writing because, well, Im a sucker for food. This particular piece of narrative journalism is a fascinating look at contemporary food culture and bizarre culinary trends. In acting as the protagonist in this book, and in creating vivid scenes of her own experiences with some pretty questionable dining choices, she creates a work that is as engaging as it is informative. Cork Dork by Bianca Bosker In this work of immersive journalism, Bosker leaves her day job behind in order to learn the mysterious ways of the sommelier. Along the way, she also meets up with smell scientists, participates in competitions, and delves into the many nuances of flavor. Yes, Chef by Marcus Samuelsson In the sub-sub-genre of food memoirs written by chefs, this book is an account of a man who spent  years feeling like an outsider, but who established an identity for himself as someone who was skilled at creating and melding flavors that transcended cultural boundaries. When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi Both a grief and a medical memoir,  this posthumously-published work of creative nonfiction is by a neurosurgeon who was diagnosed with stage IV lung cancer and forced to reevaluate his purpose in life. This heart-shattering book forces readers to reconsider what it is that makes life worth living. Knocking on Heavens Door by Katy Butler And because I clearly have a thing for end-of-life stories, Im also going to recommend this reported memoir that shines a spotlight on the difficulties of caregiving, the commerce behind modern medicine, and the meaning of a good death. Relish by Lucy Knisley Considering my obsession with comics, it would be weird if I didnt include a graphic memoir. And let me hit two of my passion points by choosing one thats all about food.  This charming book is about life, family, and food, from a woman whose parents are a chef and a gourmet. For extra funsies, each chapter is bookended by an illustrated recipe. Hunger by Roxane Gay Ive lately been having a love affair with a particular form of memoir: the lyrical memoir.  This oneâ€"by the author of  Bad Feminist, An Untamed State,  and other booksâ€"shattered me. About her complicated relationship with her body, and the way in which sexual violence affected this relationship, this book was incredibly powerful. The Chronology of Water by Lidia Yuknavitch Both raw and lyrical, its impossible to place this memoir in a box. Its just so unlike anything else Ive ever read. Following the course of the authors troubled childhood, and equally troubled young adulthood, the book made me a Yuknavitch convert for life. Citizen by Claudia Rankine This lyrical, breathtaking work of prose poetry gave me a glimpse of racism as it is experienced by marginalized populations and, now that I think about it, was probably my gateway drug into the world of lyrical memoirs. Animal, Vegetable, Miracle by Barbara Kingsolver Both a stunt memoir and a food memoir,  this is the authors account of a year spent eating only locally-sourced foods. Im a Kingsolver junkie, and this is my favorite from her. Being Mortal by Atul Gawande Moving more firmly into narrative journalism, I never thought Id be so into a book about end-of-life care (though this was the one to start me on my string of similar reads).  This book, by a surgeon and public health researcher, does a great job of showing why we shouldn’t lean too heavily on scientific and technological progress if it comes at the expense of quality of life. Using stories of patients and family members, Gawande helps readers connect to this larger issue on a more personal level. The New New Journalism by Robert S. Boynton This book was my first introduction to immersion journalism, a form of creative nonfiction in which a journalist immerses themselves in a world or culture or situation or experience unfamiliar to them in order to tell a story. This particular book is actually a collection of interviews Boynton conducts with various immersion journalists on their creative processes. The Orchid Thief by Susan Orlean Boyntons book eventually led me to Orlean, whose book became familiar to wider audiences when it was adapted into a film by Spike Jonze and Charlie Kaufman. The book upon is an examination of a man obsessed with a rare ghost orchid, and of the flower-selling subculture he became a part of. Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer Boyntons book also introduced me to the work of Krakauer, one of the most well-known immersion journalists out there. His book,  Into the Wild,  was also adapted for the big screen. But hes brought his readers into many worldsâ€"worlds I didnt think Id be interested in, but which pulled me in nonetheless thanks to Krakauers dynamic writingâ€"through a number of books, such as  Into Thin Air, Under the Banner of Heaven, and  Where Men Win Glory. Ill Be Gone in the Dark by Michelle McNamara And then theres the brand of narrative journalism known as true crime. There have been a lot of new and fantastic examples of this sub-genre lately, but this one is my favorite. About a long-running search for the Golden State Killer, McNamara weaves in elements of memoir by incorporating the personal tale of her attraction to true crime journalism, and to this crime in particular. Heating Cooling by Beth Ann Fennelly And last of all, heres an oddball: a memoir built using 52 micro-memoirs, or works of flash nonfiction. Ive been reading a lot more flash lately, so I thought this book was nifty. Each flash piece packs a delightful punch and, together, they provide a collage-like picture of a life well-lived. Of course, this list isnt the be-all, end-all of creative nonfiction books. They just happen to be my favorites. Creative nonfiction magazines and journals If youd prefer to smart smaller, may I suggest: Creative Nonfiction,  for its obvious devotion to the genre, in all its forms Slice, another literary magazine that happens to publish short works of creative nonfiction The Sun, an old-school lit mag that doesnt shy away from getting political, and which contains some fantastic reportage Oxford American, my favorite lit mag, focused on writing and art from the south BuzzFeed Reader, which runs some fantastic personal essays and cultural criticism Longreads, which publishes longform nonfiction, both personal and reported Narratively, which publishes personal essays, in addition to character-driven reportage (full disclosure: Ive been published on their site) Hippocampus Magazine, an online lit mag focusing on various forms of creative nonfiction (again, Ive been published on their site, and am also a member of their reading panel) Again, this is far from an exhaustive list of creative nonfiction books, but they can act as great starting points. What creative nonfiction books have I not included that makes you want to rip me to shreds? Also In This Story Stream View all creative nonfiction posts-->

Prehistoric Semi-Subterranean Winter Houses

The most common form of permanent housing in the prehistoric period for arctic regions was the semi-subterranean winter house. First built in the American arctic about 800 BC, by the Norton or Dorset Paleo-Eskimo groups, semi-subterranean houses were essentially dugouts, houses excavated partially or completely below the ground surface to take advantage of geothermal protections during the harshest of climates. While there are several versions of this form of house over time in the American arctic regions, and in fact there are several related forms in other polar regions (Gressbakken Houses in Scandinavia) and even in the great plains of North American and Asia (arguably earth lodges and pit houses), semi-subterranean houses reached their highest pinnacle in the Arctic. The homes were heavily insulated to ward off the bitter cold, and constructed to maintain both privacy and social contact for large groups of people despite that harsh climate. Construction Methods Semi-subterranean houses were built of a combination of cut sod, stone, and whalebone, insulated with sea mammal or reindeer skins and animal fats and covered with a bank of snow. Their interiors possessed cold-traps and sometimes dual seasonal entrance tunnels, rear sleeping platforms, kitchen areas (either spatially discrete or integrated into the main living area) and various storage areas (shelves, boxes) for stowing food, tools and other household goods. They were large enough to include members of extended families and their sled dogs, and they were connected to their relatives and the rest of the community via passageways and tunnels. The real genius of semi-subterranean homes, however, resided in their layouts. At Cape Espenberg, Alaska, a survey of beach ridge communities (Darwent and colleagues) identified a total of 117 Thule-Inupiat houses, occupied between 1300 and 1700 AD. They found the most common house layout was a linear house with one oval room, which was accessed by a long tunnel and between 1-2 side spurs used as kitchens or food-processing areas. Layouts for Community Contact A substantial minority, however, were multiple large-roomed houses, or single houses built side-by-side in groups of four or more. Interestingly, the house clusters, with multiple rooms and long entrance tunnels are all more common attributes at the early end of occupation at Cape Espenberg. That has been attributed by Darwent et al. to a shift from a dependence on whaling to localized resources, and the transition to a sharp downturn in climate called the Little Ice Age (AD 1550-1850). But the most extreme cases of below-ground communal connections in the Arctic was during the 18th and 19th century, during the Bow and Arrow Wars in Alaska. The Bow and Arrow Wars The Bow and Arrow wars were a long-lasting conflict between different tribes including the Alaskan Yupik villagers. The conflict could be compared to the 100 Years War in Europe: Caroline Funk says it imperiled lives and made legends of great men and women, with a range of conflicts from deadly to merely threatening. Yupik historians do not know when this conflict started: it may have begun with the Thule migration of 1,000 years ago and it may have been instigated in the 1700s by competition for long distance trading opportunities with the Russians. Most likely it began at some point in between. The Bow and Arrow Wars ended at or just prior to the arrival of Russians traders and explorers in Alaska in the 1840s. Based on oral histories, subterranean structures took on a new importance during the wars: not only did people need to conduct family and communal life inside because of weather demands, but to protect themselves from attack. According to Frink (2006), historic period semi-subterranean tunnels connected the members of the village in an underground system. The tunnels — some as long as 27 meters — were formed by horizontal logs of planks shored up by short vertical retainer logs. Roofs were constructed of short split logs and sod blocks covered the structure. The tunnel system included dwelling entrances and exits, escape routes and tunnels that linked village structures. Sources Coltrain JB. 2009. Sealing, whaling Journal of Archaeological Science 36(3):764-775. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2008.10.022and caribou revisited: additional insights from the skeletal isotope chemistry of eastern Arctic foragers. Darwent J, Mason O, Hoffecker J, and Darwent C. 2013. 1,000 Years of House Change at Cape Espenberg, Alaska: A Case Study in Horizontal Stratigraphy. American Antiquity 78(3):433-455. 10.7183/0002-7316.78.3.433 Dawson PC. 2001. Interpreting Variability in Thule Inuit Architecture: A Case Study from the Canadian High Arctic. American Antiquity 66(3):453-470. Frink L. 2006. Social Identity and the Yupik Eskimo Village Tunnel System in Precolonial and Colonial Western Coastal Alaska. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 16(1):109-125. doi: 10.1525/ap3a.2006.16.1.109 Funk CL. 2010. The Bow and Arrow War days on the Yukon-Kuskokwim . Ethnohistory 57(4):523-569. doi: 10.1215/00141801-2010-036delta of Alaska Harritt RK. 2010. Variations of Late Prehistoric Houses in Coastal Northwest Alaska: A View from Wales. Arctic Anthropology 47(1):57-70. Harritt RK. 2013. Toward an archaeology of late prehistoric Eskimo bands in coastal northwest Alaska. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32(4):659-674. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2013.04.001 Nelson EW. 1900. The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. Free download

Rhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henry s Speech At The...

â€Å"Give me liberty, or give me death!† is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry, which he used to close his speech to Virginia Convention. During this time period, the 1770s, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson all made arguments in favor of separation of the American colonies from Great Britain; many of these appeals were persuasive for different reasons, whether that be logical, emotional, or pertaining to credibility and trust, which is to say logos, pathos, and ethos. First of all, we will examine Henry’s arguments during his speech at the Virginia Convention. Then, we will identify Paine’s appeals in a part of his essay, The Crisis n1. Lastly, we will evaluate Jefferson’s myriad of arguments in a part of his Autobiography. Patrick Henry, born in Virginia in 1736, was a lawyer and great orator, as well as public officer for nearly 30 years, who believed strongly in citizens’ right to bear arms, especially in face of Great Britain’s injustice towards the colonists, and whose speech to the Virginia Convention lead to the persuasion of his delegation and, therefore, participated in the start of the Revolutionary War. (Probst 100) (Colonial Williamsburg Patrick Henry). In his speech, Henry, whose patriotism had lead him to represent his region since 1765, addressed those who did not want to organize a militia for Virginia. (Probst 100) (Henry 102). One of the first and most important arguments Henry makes is that the question of whether or not to organize aShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henry s Speech1341 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Patrick Henry’s Speech in the Virginia Convention (Brainstormed with Caroline Schwanawede, written independently) Amid the early conflicts between the American colonists and the British government, in addition to their supporters, these two groups experienced the difficult reality of colliding with an opposing set of values and lifestyles to their own, leading to mutual feelings of hostility and resentment and establishing a widespread want for a revolution in the colonialRead MorePatrick Henry s Give Me Liberty1784 Words   |  8 PagesPatrick Henry’s â€Å"Give me Liberty, or Give me Death:† A Rhetorical Analysis On March 23, 1775, in the meeting hall of St. John’s Church in Richmond, Virginia, a group of important statesmen, merchants, plantation owners, military leaders, and various others met to determine the fate of their beloved colony. The colony of Virginia, under the governorship of Lord Dunmore, was tearing at its seams between monarchists, who remained loyal to the British Crown, and patriots in support of independence. Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Patrick Henry s Speech1375 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1101 November 11, 2016 Rhetorical Analysis: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death! Many men were pivotal to the American cause in the War for Independence, and one of the most influential was Patrick Henry. In his famous speech â€Å"Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death† Patrick Henry delivered a powerful speech through the manipulative use of language and word choice. On March 23, 1775, the third Virginia convention was held in St. John s Church in Richmond. The convention was held to discuss relationsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrateRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Evolution of the Opera in Europe Free Essays

string(215) " in 1684 but was not properly accredited as an Opera for some critics still call it a masque, but in 1689, Blow’s pupil Henry Purcell wrote the greatest English Opera of the 17th century entitled Dido and Aeneas\." Ask a high school student about Opera and they would just shrugged their shoulders in lack of knowledge, or others would try to guess and say that it’s a musical play, something like Broadway. While others who may have a bit of familiarity with Opera would say, â€Å"those silly men with long beards and silly dresses that sings in a very high voice†. In reality, opera is related to all of these definitions given. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of the Opera in Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now The scope of this paper is to introduce Opera into the twentieth century audience. Naturally, the history of Opera, when and where did it start and who are the people that made Opera famous and made famous by the Opera would be discussed. As well as the different forms of opera, and its different kinds or genre to be more specific. After which, an analysis of the whereabouts of Opera nowadays would be presented. II. What is an Opera? An Opera is a stage show that was only available for the European elites in the 1700s. It was sort of the ancestor of musical theaters like Broadway and West End in London; it is just that Opera themes are usually about Greek Drama. It includes musical numbers, solos by lead actors and sometimes even a ballet-like dance to emphasize the action and texts of the songs. Opera dramas are predominantly about Greek Drama because Opera originated in Italy in the late 1600s, where Italian aristocracy fully enjoys performances in their own balconies and private theaters. Just like any beautiful thing, Opera spread to the common folk and took pride for its various performances and many composers from all over Europe, not just Italy, until everything was placed in a halting pause when wars emerged and the arts was put aside for some other important things. Opera before in the early ages was like Hollywood, stars were revered and composers were treated as royalties. They held performances from the greatest capitals of Europe like Naples, Saint Petersburg, Rome, Milan, Vienna, Venice, Berlin and Paris; as well as in the opera houses newly established in New York City and New Orleans. The musicality of Opera has influenced other forms of music which are still thriving and used nowadays. An example is the usage of sinfonia, an instrumental prelude of the Opera which as now known as symphonies and the attempt to make piano and violin solos during a concerto was a clear indication of following through Opera’s cadenza (solos). The masterful innovation of 19th century German composer Richard Wagner in his orchestration for his different compositions became a big influence in shaping the classical music of the 19th century. a. When did it start? Opera started in the late 1600s through a group of scholars, known as the camerata instigated a performance with the aim of promoting monodic musical declamations. Although musical stage play was already existent as early as the 12th century like The Play of Daniel, it was Jacopo Peri’s and Ottavio Rinuccini’s Euridice, that was considered as the first Opera in the 1600. However, Jacopo Peri’s first composition Dafne was argued by other scholars as the first true Opera, though little of its text can be found now. Monodic musical declamations are recitals with free rhythm accompanied by a subtle music, and usually about Ancient Greek Drama and mythology. Just like the first Opera Euridice that was taken from the Greek mythology about Orpheus and his beloved Euridice. b. Where did it start? 1. Baroque (Italian) Opera originally came from Italy, wherein it was known as Baroque Opera or Italian Opera. It had its first shows in Venice and Rome, where Sant’ Alessio by Stefano Landi established Roman Opera in 1632. The libretto was penned by Giulio Rospigliosi and Landi modified the narrative style of the monodic trend by creating recitative and aria. But Roman Opera had to await the arrival of Claudio Monteverdi for it to blossom. He was an educated man and performed in the lavish court of the Gonzaga family and finally directed a church choir, after which he created his first opera in 1607, his own version of the Orpheus and Euridice mythology entitled La Favola d’Orfeo. Peri and Monteverdi’s version were so different that if Peri’s version was more of a monodic narrative with subtle accompaniment; Monteverdi’s version has more music in it. He expanded the accompaniment into a full scale orchestra with bowed and plucked strings, harpsichord and organ, trumpets and drums for more dramatic effects. He also gave each character his own musical identity and created a very poignant overture. It was the combination of lyric text and musical play as the term drama per musica (drama through music) had intended. Monteverdi’s L’Incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppaea) in 1642, was the first to tackle a very sensitive subject matter and staged a very powerful vocal composition that would soon be stereotypical of an Opera. Marcantonio Cesti and Pietro Francesco Cavalli heralded the next generation of Venetian composers. They created an international style wherein the recitative was given less part in favor of the aria and the chorus was replaced with solos. Cavalli continued Monteverdi’s innovative style with his own Opera L’Ormindo and La Calisto. His Operas was known to include some charade and sexual content for the amusement of the viewers. Another Venetian composer, and also a predecessor of 18th Century Neapolitan School, Alessandro Stradella was also praised for having his own style in writing Operas. 2. English The Italian Opera became widespread in Europe and landed some its charms in England. Composers in England have begun working together to create masques, a court entertainment involving exaggerated speeches, dancing, ridiculous plots and costumes. The first English Opera was The Siege of Rhodes by poet Sir William D’Avenant in 1656 and music by Lawes, Matthew Locke, Henry Cooke, Charles Coleman and George Hudson. John Blow wrote Venus and Adonis in 1684 but was not properly accredited as an Opera for some critics still call it a masque, but in 1689, Blow’s pupil Henry Purcell wrote the greatest English Opera of the 17th century entitled Dido and Aeneas. You read "Evolution of the Opera in Europe" in category "Papers" This Opera completely absorbed Italian influence and brought death to England’s masque. However, the most famous English composer was not really English, but rather a German born composer who completely immersed himself in Neapolitan Italian style. He was George Frideric Handel, composer of the widely acclaimed Messiah. He composed Rinaldo, his first Opera in England in 1711 where he immediately attained success and followed it with Giulio Cesare in 1724, Rodelinda in 1725 and Alcina in 1735. Handel synthesized the castrati that attained popularity and was the thing to do at that time. Aside from Handel making waves in England, there were also other local talents who are testing the waters like John Gay and John Christopher Pepusch who created The Beggar’s Opera in 1728. This form of Opera paved the way for ballad opera that ridiculed Italian opera and modern politics. 3. French Opera In French Opera, the form of aesthetics was firmly based on the visual, which is their concept of Opera was ballet transformed into musical theater. Eventually, Italian opera caught up with them and strong vocal performances found its way into their stages. French opera formally began with Jean Baptiste Lully where he presented a modernized version of Cavalli’s Serse in the wedding of Louis XIV of France and his cousin Marie Therese in 1660. The ballet performance was carefully choreographed by Lully. Lully then established the Academie Royale de Musique in 1672 where he created operas known as tragedies lyriques or lyrical tragedies. Most of the themes that were used were about mythology and legends again as the French court deemed it inappropriate to depict real persons in their performances. Lully’s theatre showcased fabulous ballet movements and abundant set designs that fully make the audience experience the story of the opera. Lully’s most outstanding operas were the Alceste in 1674, Atys in 1676 and Armide et Renaude in 1686. After Lully, another French composer, Jean Philippe Rameu attempted to make French Opera more harmonious and yet spontaneous at the same time. He wrote 32 operas that highlighted polyphony or the combination of multiple melodic lines. Rameu still maintained the dance factor in his operas as evident by the lengthy ballet numbers in his Les Indes Gallantes in 1735 and Dardanus in 1739. His plays Hippolyte et Aricie and Castor et Pollux has been presented for so many times. 4. German and Austrian German opera took its root from singspiel, their comic opera with spoken dialogue that would later on be influenced by the ballad genre. Early German courts much prefer their Italian contemporaries, wherein Frederick the Great insulted the German opera and compared it to the neighing of a horse. So, in the 18th century, German composers tried to revive singspiel and transform it into a better one. German composer George Phillip Telemann had based his Pimpione, a comic opera with only two characters on Pergolesi’s La Serva Padrona, in 1725. Another composer, Johann Christian Standfuss created Der Teufel ist Lost or The Devil to Pay, in 1752, in an attempt to resurrect singspiel. However, it was only the arrival of famous German composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart that German Opera reached its peak. Mozart’s Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail or The Abduction from Seraglio in 1782 introduced singspiel internationally and made Vienna a music capital. Mozart continued to place Vienna in front of the international music scene through his compositions, Le Nozze di Figaro or The Marriage of Figaro in 1786; Don Giovanni in 1787; and Cosi fan tutte or Women are Like That in 1790. However, these works were very controversial during those times that it upset moralists and the contributed to the revolutionary sentiments in France; that it was neglected until the early 20th century when it was revived and made Mozart the greatest composer of all. c. Who are the singers? Opera singers are classified according to their gender and range of their voices. In a female singer, she can be classified as soprano, the highest range; mezzo-soprano as the middle range and contralto as the lowest range. In a male character, he can be classified as tenor as the highest; baritone the middle range and bass as the lowest range. The roles of actors would be dependent on the range of their voices and usually is assigned by the composers themselves. The choices would be strategically thought about by the lyricist and the composer and most of the times sopranos and tenors are reserved for the lead actors while the antagonists are played by bass or mezzo sopranos. This stereotyping is still ongoing up to now. A legendary mezzo soprano was Faustina Bordoni whose ability to sustain a note was amazing. Italian tenor Enrico Caruso is probably the most famous opera singer in history. III. What are the characteristics of an Opera? a. Voice The main feature of every opera is the singing, so setting aside the musical accompaniments; it is the vocal prowess of the actors that would carry the performance up to its end. Therefore, the arias, duets and choruses are strategically placed to emphasize the growing drama. An aria is a soliloquy or a monologue wherein the actor sings alone as in narrating through rhythm the events or his feelings. It is difficult to maintain an opera through an aria by itself but some composers found it to be the best way of relaying the plot of the story and conveying fast events, like fast talking but with a musical beat. b. Orchestra The orchestra serves as the backbone or the supporting structure of the Opera. Its strategic rhythm and melodious tempo helps the story unfold and captures the audience’s attention and carries them along as the opera develops. It helps in the escalation of feelings and provides dramatic sequences throughout the entire opera. c. Overture Overtures are theatrical introductions or short musical preludes that are usually coming from the theme of the opera itself. It sets the emotion of the audience in preparation for the first act and could run anywhere from 5 to 15 minutes. However, this style was later on disregarded to give way to preludes or sometimes totally overlooked in some operas. IV. What are the forms of an Opera? a. Dramatic The term drama pertains not only for the lyrics or the texts of the opera but also about the feelings the music eludes. The original Italian composers called their works as dramma per musica and this tradition can be traced back from religious plays that also utilize music to relay their accounts. In a musical play, although complete by itself already, cannot be all together called an operatic drama unless it employs music that helps heighten the emotion. In writing dramatic operas, composers usually make use of situations that involves sadness and eludes a distressing sentiment, at the same time applying higher registers of voice (soprano) to indicate passion or cacophonous mixtures to depict fear. Although there are points in which voices do occasionally rise from excitement and anger, the skilled composer would turn the music to become identical with the feelings arose by the character. b. Romantic The beginning of the 19th century inspired an artistic movement called romanticism and became widespread in literature, art and music. It spells imagination, creative freedom and subjectivity of interpretation. During this period artistry became luxuriant and flamboyant, employing large scale orchestras, higher notes, enormous choruses and more passionate solos. The theme as well was all on the subject of longings, faraway places, unrequited love affairs, intense romances, melancholic characters, nostalgia, tempestuous romances, nationalistic themes and magical beings. Gioacchino Rossini of Italy was inspired and created an opera based on Sir Walter Scott’s Lady of the Lake or La Donna del Lago in 1819. However it was Giuseppe Verdi whose works lamented the Austrian oppression of Italy highlighted patriotism in its utmost romantic fervor. German romantic opera was made famous by two outstanding composers in the personality of Richard Wagner and Ludwig Van Beethoven. Beethoven’s only opera Fidelio in 1805 introduced romanticism in Singspiel. The difficulty Beethoven went through while composing Fidelio was reason enough for him to never make one again. Wagner composed the romantic drama Tristan Und Isolde in 1865. In his final masterpiece, Parsifal, about the quest for the Holy Grail, Wagner created such beautiful music that other opera houses took it in immediately and it was considered as a very successful work suitable to end such a wonderful career. V. Twentieth Century Opera The romantic period of Opera ended when harsh times came with the war, this ushered twentieth century opera in a very peculiar way. Although Wagner’s Parsifal is still being played, Richard Strauss created Salome in 1905 based on a play by Oscar Wilde. Strauss was regarded as Wagner’s successor when it comes to creating beautiful music. Other successors are Arnold Schoenberg and Albag Berg and became known as the second Viennese school. Berg created Wozzeck in 1925 and Lulu in 1937. Schoenberg composed Expectation in 1909 and Moses und Aron in 1957. English opera looked on to the Indian epic Mahabharata to derive the Opera Savitri by Gustav Holst in 1916 and Ralph Vaughan Williams composed Sir John In Love in 1929, an adaptation of Shakespeare’s The Merry Wives of Windsor. Igor Stravinsky, a Russian born composer who settled in the United States composed a remarkable collection of Operas, ranging from the romantic The Nightingale in 1914, the Greek drama Oedipus Rex in 1927 and The Rake’s Progress in 1951. VI. Conclusion Opera nowadays is still being played by various theater houses all over the world, not just Europe anymore. Opera became widespread and more and more contemporary composers deep their hand into producing operas and making it available for public. However, it seems that Opera had come back to its previous state of being patronized only by elites and socialites way back in Italy in the late 1600s. Opera had become unreachable and in the present situation of the world right now, it is hard to depict the poverty, the terrorism and the hunger that occupies the humankind presently. Opera can not be flexible and it would be absurd to see artists dancing and singing in an attempt to depict hunger in Africa. Unlike other stage shows wherein they could properly address this issue and show the reality that they want to portray. Opera can never be mainstream, it enjoys a position at the top of the musical industry and it shall stay there forever. How to cite Evolution of the Opera in Europe, Papers

Christina Rossettis Goblin Market is often described as a subversive poem Essay Example For Students

Christina Rossettis Goblin Market is often described as a subversive poem Essay Eat me, drink me, love me; Laura, make much of me: Lines 467-473 This sounds very similar to what Jesus said Take, eat, this is my Body which is given for you. Drink ye all of this; for this is my blood of the New Testament, which is shed for you are Christs words in the Prayer of Consecration in the Communion liturgy. I think also Rossetti is been subversive towards her brother and the brotherhood, I think she is making sly comments on how they treat women and prostitutes and also his wife. Rossetti describes the Goblins Brother with queer brother, and brother with sly brother lines 94 and 96. By using fruit to tempt the fall of the women it is automatically linked to Eve. Yet what we have to remember is that Eve ate an apple from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. I think that also Rossetti is trying to say that women in this era was not educated enough, not because of their own choice but because it was a patriarchal society, and if females did try and want to better themselves they were seen as wrong and unfeminine. I think that is also the reason why at first this poem was seen as a mere fairy tale for children. It was easier for women to make the men believe that there literature was aimed at children then it was for adults. The education that women were supposed to have was not of academic education available to men, but moral education. (Victorian Web Website 2009). By lines 563-568 I think Rossetti is trying to put across as though females dont need males to survive, you only need your sisters love, not just your biological sister but sisters as in all females. Once Lizzie had sacrificed herself to the Goblins and went home to Laura and let Laura feast upon the Goblins juices that was on her body she became better, her hair came back to its natural colour and she became well again 538-543. It makes you believe that it is the fruits juice that remedies her, but it could well be seen as though it is her sisters love and affection that makes her well. There is no mention about males after the Lizzie and the Goblins inclining that you dont need males to make you whole and to save you. Christina Rossetti shows by a number of ways which I have illustrated in ways in which this poem can be seen as subversive. I think that she did not believe that fallen women should be scorned if they redeem themselves, as god himself still accepts sinners. For Rossetti to even write a poem like this and for it to be popular would be subversive as women writers were not in the literary canon, but by this influential poem and many others she eventually made it into the literary canon under Christina Rossetti, and not Ellen Alleyne. Bibliography Grass, Sean C 1996. Natures Perilios Variety in Rossettis Goblin Market. Nineteenth-century literature, vol 51, no. 3, pp 356-376. Mendoza, Victor Roman 2006. Come Buy The crossing of sexual and consumer desire in Christina Rossettis Goblin Market. ELH Baltimore: Winter, vol 73, iss 4, pp 913-948. Rossetti, Christina (ed. ) 1994. Goblin Market and other poems, Dover Publications. Stern, Rebecca F 2003. Adulterations dectected : Food and Fraud in Christina Rossettis Goblin Market. Nineteenth-century literature, vol 57, no 4, pp 477-511. Tucker, Herbert F 2003. Rossettis Goblin Marketing: Sweet to Tongue and Sound to Eye. Representations, No 82, pp 117-133. www. answers. com http://www. victorianweb. org/authors/crossetti/scholl. html http://www. helium. com/items/1118490-goblin-market-sexuality-in-the-goblin-market- femine-roles-in-the-goblin-market? page=3 http://www. victorianweb. org/authors/crossetti/christensen1. html

Humor and Persuasion free essay sample

Humor and Persuasion Jake Swenson 5/30/2011 The actor John Cleese once said, If I can get you to laugh with me, you like me better, which makes you more open to my ideas. And if I can persuade you to laugh at the particular point I make, by laughing at it you acknowledge its truth. † (Mortensen, 2004) Humor disarms an audience, making them more likely to open up to you. In a book by Kurt Mortensen, called â€Å"Maximum influence: the 12 universal laws of power persuasion†, he stated: †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦once your prospects feel comfortable with you, they will be more in tune to your message and more likely to remain attentive.Perhaps most powerful of all, in our fast-paced culture where most things are fleeting, they remember you and continue to hold you in a positive light long after the initial exchange. When you leverage the element of humor, any message coming from you receives more weight than one that comes from someone who has not created the audience rapport you have a chieved. We will write a custom essay sample on Humor and Persuasion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (W. , 2004) The use of humor in persuasion is a technique that has been the source of many studies. A parallel between the humor and an audience’s influenced nature, however, has still yet to be quantifiably substantiated as a legitimate source of persuasive prowess.As stated in a publication written for the Journal of General Psychology by Jim Little, called â€Å"The effectiveness of humor in persuasion: The case of business ethics training,† he recognizes that, â€Å"Humor is presumed to aid in persuasion in both advertising (Heinecke, 1997) and education (Wallinger, 1997), but empirical research has rarely been able to demonstrate these effects (Bryant, Comisky, Crane, Zillmann, 1980; Gruner Freshley, 1979). It is not yet clear whether the investment of time and effort in the use of humor in persuasion is justified† (Lyttle, 2001).Modern day examples of persuasion are in advertisements. The main point of an advertisement is to supply varying detail s to the listener to convince them that their product, event etc. is worth their time, money, etc. Many advertisements use humor, which seems like a great asset to assist in persuasion. However, as stated by Dorothy Markiewicz written in an article named, â€Å"Effects of Humor on Persuasion†: â€Å"Those concerned with politics, advertising, or rhetoric often suggest that humor enhances the effectiveness of a persuasive message.Yet research considering the effects of humor on message effectiveness suggests that its contribution is questionable† (Markiewicz, 1974. ) However debated the effectiveness of the use of humor in persuasion may be the general psychology of its far reaching and unifying effects is much more easily recognized. In general, the more people involved in a situation, the more we laugh. For example, when a movie theater is packed, the laughter tends to be greater and last longer than when there are only four people in the audience. This is one of the reasons why TV producers use canned laughter in their programming.Often the scenario being acted out really isn’t even that funny, but studies show that the use of laugh tracks actually gets us to laugh more (Mortensen, 2010). Whether the material even registered as being funny or not, we are more inclined to laugh along if we hear others laughing. Thus, the affect had on the audience is a allowing them to feel persuaded to agree that what was being said was actually funny. This scenario of unifying an audience with laughter has a disarming effect. Humor can make a person feel warm and comfortable therefore kicking into gear the heuristic theory.This theory states that a person is bound to be influenced by past experiences and intrinsic desires rather that systematic processing. For example, if a consumer preferred to buy name brand products (heuristic cue) and then read an article in a computer magazine (systematic processing) arguing that name-brand computers were superior to generic â€Å"clones,† the two forms of processing would reinforce each other (Gass Seiter, pp. 58). Instead of consciously putting in the effort to find the best product, it’s easy to just go with what feels right. One way that humor might be effective in persuasion is by creating positive affect. People who are in a good mood are less likely to disagree with a persuasive message and more likely to rely on heuristic/peripheral cues† (Lyttle, 2001). Obviously an adverse affect would be that if humor happened to be at the expense of the target, making them feel uncomfortable and in a bad mood. Now, no longer trusting of the source and their feelings, the client may switch to a critical evaluation of the persuasion at hand. As a guest speaker I have the opportunity to put into practice these theories and techniques daily.I have also experienced that in an attempt to unify my audience in laughter so as to disarm and appeal to their accepting natures I comically singled out an individual. Drawing on their response to my comment I discovered that I was successful in alienating that person from my purposes and essentially lost their interest and trust. Other risks of the use of humor in persuasion include causing offense to be taken by your audience should they not agree with your brand of humor, its sexual nature, its racy content or simply the time of day, the lighting of the room or the size of the audience at the time of its delivery.In another article by Kurt Mortensen at PositiveArticles. com he offers; â€Å"There are many other less apparent factors that influence humor. Have you ever considered factors such as what time of day it is, the number of people in your audience or even the layout and li ghting of the room? All of these things can influence how your humor will come across. As far as time of day, mornings are typically more stressful, since it is then when most people are confronted with all the demands that await them.Under certain circumstances, this stressfulness may be precisely the type of mood you’re looking for. Other times, you may want an audience that’s a little more relaxed. When people are on a lunch break or winding down for the day and readying themselves to leave work, you may find that they are more receptive to a good joke† (K. Mortensen, 2010). References Lyttle, J. (2000). The effectiveness of humor in persuasion: the case of business ethics training. The Journal of General Psychology, 128(2), 206-217. Markiewicz, D. (1974).

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Angelina Jolie an icon to gay/ essays Over the last century, queer roles have transcended through numerous changes in Hollywood. On the forefront of Hollywood during the 1930s, queer roles in film were looked upon as transgressions against society and humanity. At this particular point in history, the studios took great liberty at hiding behind the newly formed Motion Picture Production Code. The code was developed due to studio heads recognition of the high trust and good judgment clause placed in their hands by moviegoers and society. Upon this recognition, Hollywood understood their responsibility to the public as demonstrating the utmost moralistic behaviors and attitudes in their films. During the rapid transition from silent films to audio enhanced pictures, Hollywood promoted entertainment in films over meaning in films that dealt with dramatic issues. This type of censored filmmaking continued into the late sixties. In reference to gays and lesbians, film studios were prohibited any sympathetic depictions of queers. As to avoid displaying any sympathetic portrayals, queer characters were often depicted as isolated, perverted, abnormal individuals. Also, it was not uncommon for queers to be subject to harsh punishment, torture or even death. Studios hoped these images and depictions of gay and lesbian characters sent a severe message to the audience about the sinfulness of homosexuality. As time has progressed queer roles have went from career threatening to trendy and now to even career heightening. Has our culture developed so rapidly over the last sixties years? This is a very difficult question to answer. Although, gay and lesbian characters and films have become more mainstream then ever, there is still a feeling of less then equality in the representation of these characters. Television has made major strides in the realm of queer characters but character developed is severely lacking. The television show, Ellen, is the most notable in t...

Promoting Individual Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Promoting Individual Health - Essay Example The plan is based on providing knowledge and awareness of the ethical issues associated with health and especially the inherent. In the given plan, a specific scenario of Erick is looked at. Erick is suffering from Autism Spectrum. The plan thus analyses the causes of his behaviour and seeks to link it to the causes of the health promotion as well as providing teaching lessons to his parents on the importance of health promotion, how to adapt to the current situation of their son and finally, Erick’s learning because of disability. In addition, the plan analyses the position of the parents of Erick and especially the case of Molly. The plan is very important since it equips an individual with psychosocial behaviour that affects the wellness of an individual in terms of behaviour, cognitive abilities, environmentally among many more (Rappaport & Seidman 2000, p. 171). A scenario of Erick is chosen to be used as a point of reference. Erick is a son of Molly and James. His mother, Molly, suffers from diabetes and his father, James, works as a driver, driving long distance vehicles and thus he is rarely at home. Eric has a learning disorder, though mild. He also suffers a little in the autistic spectrum. He often gets frustrated and as a result, throws anger tantrums at the fellow students and teachers, especially when he goes to school whereby he attends a mainstream school. Autistic spectrum refers to the conditions that an individual suffers from that majorly affects the communication by an individual, their interests, social interaction and also affects the behaviour of an individual (Pandora 2006, p. 96). In addition, the autism spectrum also includes childhood autism and Asperger syndrome. The condition may not show its symptoms immediately, but after some time. The condition of Eric has been contributed by several psychosocial

Bauhaus and Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bauhaus and Modernism - Essay Example This essay discusses that the main concepts of the Bauhaus began in Germany in the early 1900s, specifically when World War I and World War II began to dominate the lifestyles of those in the region. The philosophy was based on the changes that were within society and how this led to different perspectives of what was important to those in a given culture. The basis of this was known as being a logical positivist, which embraced futuristic and avant – garde ideologies. It was understood that this particular concept of philosophy was one that not only demanded the change toward mathematical and economic associations with art. There were also values that were placed on the changing culture, specifically because of the wars which were taking place. As the report declares, Europe and America began to experience a profound shift in sensibility that would lead to an explosion of creativity in the arts, transform moral values, and in time reshape the conduct of life throughout Western society† This basis was followed by other concepts which were associated with the understanding of Bauhaus and the movement toward modernism in Germany. The art and architectural forms that were a part of the movement were one of the main associations made with the Bauhaus movement. The philosophy developed was based on simplistic forms and colors as well as a synthesis between the two. Unification of the forms and colors were then able to create a different focus on the ideology of the subject and what was being said.... This essay stresses that the desire to create a sense of innovation and modernism then became reflective of the ideologies of the Bauhaus movement, specifically in trying to find a definition that created the perception of modernism. The similarities of defining modernism then became a part of the art and architecture that was in both America and Europe. When looking at the different movements and the artistic works, it can be seen that there are similarities specifically in the definition and philosophy of modernism. When looking at these two artistic concepts, it can be seen that there is a direct relationship to creating shapes, forms and specific colors with the art. The Bauhaus perspective is based on incorporating mathematical concepts and philosophies of technology, specifically to re-identify art into a modernist perspective. The later work of Dove uses these same philosophies, specifically which takes the subject matter of the mountains and makes it into what one could define as a modernist work. The concept of Bauhaus and the American modernist movement have changed the way that many looks at the idea of modernism. Bauhaus worked as the precursor to American modernism with several philosophies, including the art, craft, and philosophy of defining modernism. The early influences of those that were a part of America from the Bauhaus movement, as well as the incorporation of different ideologies in trying to find the meaning of modernism led to different understandings that created the modernist philosophies.

Psychodynamic Theories: Social Behaviour

Psychodynamic Theories: Social Behaviour This essay uses the ecological and the psychodynamic theories to explain social behaviour, predict the outcomes and formulate the hypothesis thus making an initial assessment on the Banks family. The essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of the theories, the similarities and the differences between both of them and it will conclude that human life and behaviour is such a strong illustration that a single theory cannot satisfactorily account for all events across the life span. However, it will assert that in regard to the Banks family, the ecological model has an advantage over the psychodynamic theory because it holistically encompasses number of issues such as financial security, material benefits, housing, and parents history among others which do have effects on the risk of child abuse. The issues identified in the Banks family include; Marks bullying, identity issues, and Kens negative early life transactions and his relationship with Mark. To address these issues, the social work will use the ecological theory. The reason for choosing the ecological theory is because it is compatible with the assessment framework (2000)(DOH 2000a) as it links family history, genes, parents and their off springs relationship, economic factors, parental relationship experiences, individuals ability to cope or manage the stress and the interactive effect of risks (Ciccheti and Valentino: 2006). Therefore, basing on the ecological perspective, the social work will have to work within Marks ecology (Bilson Ross: 1999 p.70-71) to find out the difficulties that the family might be facing and to also find possible solution (Ward: 1995). The social worker will explore the three ecological dimensions which are; Marks developmental needs, Mel and Kens parenting capacity and family environmental factors (D.O.H 2000a). The social workers will initiate an honest and open partnership with the family with an aim of safeguarding and promoting the welfare of Mark and his siblings. This will be for the parents to feel confident thus engaging in the assessment by providing relevant information about Mark, Mel and John, themselves. He should also endeavour to find out about Marks paternity and any genetic inheritance or temperament issues that might exist between Mark and his biological father (Aldgate and Bradley 1999). The social work will explore the parents history by requesting them to describe who they are and the trend of their relationship with Mark. This framework will help the social worker to amalgamate the historical and current information about the family, its functioning, problems and relationships (Reder and Duncan: 1999 p.98-101) with the view of finding out what is happening to Mark in the context of the entire Banks family and the environmental factors and how they affect the family relationships. Other issues that will have to be looked into are; the family income, neighbourhood and Marks friendships with his peers. This is because there is a link between the familys economic disadvantage and the chances that children in the family will not prosper (Utting :1995, Jack: 1997) It is also notable that Ken is securely attached to his biological children (Mel and John) and not to Mark who is his step-child. That should trigger the social workers curiosity thence exploring both the parents emotional availability, responsiveness, and their ascriptions to Mark and compare it with the way they interact with Mel and John. This can be done through direct observation, questioning and gathering testimonies from other significant people including professionals such as the general practitioner and the teachers (Department of Health 2000a). The social l worker will also explore Kens childhood experiences because they might be influencing or causing effect to his relationship with Mark (Sroufe et al 2005: p.10). This implies that the quality of care that Ken is providing Mark might in itself be a product of his own developmental history which is characterised by having been in care during childhood, having no father figure, thus his strained relationship with his mother (Cicchetti and Valentino: 2006 p.148). It is also notable that all Marks efforts to know his biological father proved to be futile. And because of this, Mark might be experiencing identity issues such as low self- esteem, poor self-image and a poor sense of belonging and acceptance by the family hence his negative behaviour (Draper Draper: 1982, p.26). For this reason, the social worker should ensure that he gathers as much information about Marks biological father as possible just in case Mark expresses wishes to see or to know about him. In regard to Marks bullying problem, the social worker would carry out direct work with him. In order to minimise the anti discriminatory and anti oppression practice, the social worker will have to consider his age, gender and culture, religion and any disability or developmental issues. He will have to acknowledge and respect Marks wishes, feelings and his understanding of the implications of the situation in which he finds himself thus making the assessment child centred (DOH 2000a). The social worker would also explore Marks friendships and how the interaction therein influences his negative behaviour (Rutter et al, 1998). At the end of the session, depending on what the social worker makes out of Marks behaviour and his social-emotional condition he may refer Mark for psychological assessment to further establish his emotional wellbeing. The outcome of the psychological assessment will then be used during the core assessment to inform the appropriate plan of intervention to ensure Mark development, safety and wellbeing (Department of Health 2000a) Advantages of the ecological theory. The advantage of using ecological approach is that it focuses on the relationships in transactions between the systems in the ecology thus minimising the predisposition of the professionals to think exclusively in linear terms thus adapting a wide range of intervention hence exploring issues such as social support, social capital and socio-economic difficulties that people experience (Garbarino 1990). The ecological perspective is an integrated model which acknowledges the effects of the biological, psychological social and economic factors that affect the well-being of individuals (Payne, 1994). Disadvantages of using the ecological theory? Despite all the advantages of the ecological approach, it is a long process for families or individuals who need quick solutions for their problems (Payne 1997). The psychodynamic approach Another theory that can be used to interpret the Banks familys phenomena, predict the outcomes and formulate the hypothesis is the psychodynamic theory. The reason for choosing the psychodymic theory is that it emphasises supporting the ego which is a reality element of the mind hence providing stability and equilibrium to the service user. Through using this approach, the social worker will be able to support Ken and Mark to develop adequate ego strength which will enable then to manage their emotional conflicts and the snags that they may come across in the life span (Goldstein: 1984). It is notable that both Mark and Ken do have unresolved issues or conflicts which do have roots from their individual childhoods. For that reason, the social worker will explore Ken and Marks conscious and unconscious parts of the minds there by making any reserved painful materials therein conscious hence realising their impact on their surface behaviour (Bee and Boyd, 2006). By focussing on Mark and Kens past and present unconscious and conscious feelings, the social worker may to be able to predict and explain how Mark and Ken may behave during certain situations or conditions. This is underpinned by the psychodynamic principle that all behaviour is motivated (Bee and Boyd, 2006). Due to the emotional issues already identified, the social worker may explore the how both Mark and Kens egos function and their defence mechanisms. Through respecting and working with their defences, the social worker is ought to recognise the threats that both Mark and Ken face in life and he will discuss the consequences and confusion of their feelings. The social worker would also find out how both Mark and Ken have already tried to resolve the conflicts before deciding either to look for other possible ways of dealing with it for example using sublimation or to modify the ways that they have already tried to use (Hollis, 1972). In regard to anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice, it is helpful to devote the assessment within the framework or perspective of recognising the implication of structural and individuals oppressive practice which leads professionals into an authoritarian and rigidly discriminatory practice (Davis, ed., 2000:12,14 cited in Becket Maynard: 2005 p.158). This implies that during assessment, professionals are ought to listen and also respect and take into consideration the service users and carers views, choices, age, culture, religion and needs as this makes them feel valued and respected (Brandon, 1990: p.59 cited in Becket Maynard, 2005: p.158). Additionally, Payne (1997: p.89) advises that in professional relationship, social work values involve being tolerant to service users behaviour, promoting healthy client-social worker relationship, rather than personal emotional responses to service users needs. This may mean that professionals are ought to create professional instead of personal relationships with the service users which might negatively affect their independence and impartiality. Advantages of the psychodynamic theory The advantage of the psychodynamic theory in social work is that it recognises the impact of past painful life transactional processes and helps to create beneficial suspicions about them in relation to the current observable behaviours (Milner OByrne 2009). The psychodynamic theory also lays emphasis on modifying the ego through initiating good client-social worker relationship (Goldstein: 1984), thus improving peoples relationships within their environment (Payne 1997:80). The disadvantages of the psychodynamic theory. However, critics of the psychodynamic theory such as Dorfman (1998: P.70) contend that it is an andocentric theory. This implies that the psychodynamic theory is based on research that was done solely on males and then taken to mean all human behaviour which itself is a bias in favour of males and thus partial. Similarity and differences btn the psycho and eco theory. One of the similarities between the psychodynamic and the ecological theory is that both of them consider age and stage appropriateness of behaviour. While the psychodynamic theory takes into account the anal, oral and phallic stages of development, the ecological- transactional perspective views child development as a progressive sequence of age and stage -appropriate tasks in which success at each developmental level must co-ordinate and integrate with the environment and other issues such as emotion regulation, and formation of attachment relationships among others that emerge across the lifespan (Cicchetti and Valentiono 2006 p.143). Although these two theories do have the above similarity, they also have differences. For example, while the psychodynamic theory upholds the concept of the existence of the unconscious mind or awareness (Payne 1997), the ecological perspective focuses on the principle of interaction among the individuals and it also depicts individuals as existing in relation to others in the ecology (Reder and Duncan 1999 p.98-101). In relation to child abuse, Sidebotham et al (2002) argue that the psychodynamic models are deficient to give explanation in this regard and he calls for the use of the ecological models because they include a number of issues such as financial security, material benefits, housing, and parents history among others which do have effects on the risk of child abuse. Conclusion Given the complexity of the Banks family phenomena, the quest to explain the behaviour, predict the outcomes and formulate the hypothesis requires one to use theories otherwise; the assessment would be directionless and woolly. Therefore, this essay has used the psychodynamic and the ecological theory to discuss how an assessment would be done to support the Banks family. It has explored the ethical principle of anti-discriminatory and oppressive practice. It has also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each of them before identifying the similarity and the difference between them and it has given the complicity of human life, all theories work in a complimentary way to give social workers an eclectic understanding of issues in the phenomena with one theory helping to explain certain issues more clearly than the other. And in case of child maltreatment, the ecological models has been has had an advantage over the psychodynamic theory because it has holistically encompassed number of issues such as financial security, material benefits, housing , parents history among others which do have effects on the risk of child abuse.

Religion and Morality Essay

Morality as dependant on religion The idea of whether morality and religion are linked or not was first looked upon by Plato, where in his Euthyphro Dilemma he asks, ‘Is what is pious loved by the Gods because it is pious, or is something pious because it is loved?’ In other words he is questioning whether things are good because God commands them to be, or does God command them because they are good? I will first examine the view followed by theists today, that things are good because God loves them and that religion and morality are linked. There are a number of ways which you can establish a possible link between religion and morality, the first being heteronomously. Heteronomy is the view that morality depends on religious belief, or things derived from religion. The rules in heteronomous societies are from religious authority so will obviously be linked to religion, however a non-religious person is still capable of being heteronomous as they live and abide by the culture’s laws therefore adopting a morality based on religion. To a certain extent it is hard to deny aspects of heteronomy, since words like ‘good’ and ‘evil’ are shaped by religion. It would be hard to present an ethical theory free from these terms. A theonomous link can also be made, where morality and religion depend on one source (for example, in Western cultures God) who is the fundamental designer of what is moral. Unlike Heteronomy, Theonomy does not require a religious authority as it is to do with the individual’s personal belief in the aforementioned source. The Natural Law theory developed by Aquinas is considered theonomous, in which an uncaused cause is the creative source for all. We can access God directly in this theory by fulfilling our purposes in life set by Him at our creation. The view that things are good through God’s command is directly illustrated in The Divine Command Theory, the common theory adopted by believers in the God of Classical Theism. According to Emil Brunner (1947), ‘The Good consists in always doing what God wills at any particular moment’, as it essentially impossible for God to command an evil act. If nothing was commanded or forbidden by God then there would be no wrong or right and arguably, there would be chaos. The DCT can be seen to provide a strong foundation for a stable necessary morality to be built upon as well as personal reasons to abide by it. For example, taken from the views of Kant (although not directly aimed at the DCT) the belief in the existence of an afterlife gives us incentive to live a moral life, which we otherwise may not be able to force ourselves to do. The presence of such an afterlife, and the fear of punishment make it rational (According to William Craig) to go against your own self-interest for the benefit of others, as self-sacrificial acts are looked upon well by God. This provides more answers to the question ‘Why be Moral?’ The DCT can be accessed through the Decalogue in the Bible (Exodus 20, old Testament), which provides a set of ten absolute, deontological commands by God. Also through the New Testament in Jesus’ ‘Sermon on the Mount’ where he makes laws much more situationalist with teachings such as ‘Love your neighbour’, which are flexible and apply to many situations. Finally, many theists argue that it does not make sense for morals to exist in a non-moral universe as there is nowhere they originate from, they don’t fit into a natural universe. They do however fit into a theistic universe where they were created by a moral creator (i.e God), it is then easy to see why they exist. This is supported by philosophers such as John Newman who states that feelings of responsibility and guilt point to God, and by D.I Trethowan, who suggests that an awareness of obligation is an awareness of God. Aii) Morality as independent from Religion A belief in morality as being totally independant from God is an autonomous belief, and there are many arguments in compliance with Autonomy, very much to do with the idea of free-will. If we really are to act with personal freedom of choice then we cannot act out of fear of God’s punishment, it totally voids the notion of free-will; and if God is omniscient and omnipotent he would know what decisions we are to make anyway and he would have the ability to stop us making the wrong ones. James Rachels concludes that no being like God can exist who requires us to abandon our moral autonomy is worth worshipping. There are theories in concurrence with Autonomy which allow still for a good, firm morality without dependency on religion such as Utilitarianism (greatest good for greatest number) so it can be said that religion is unnecessary There are many autonomous arguments against the DCT, beginning with the fact that God himself is not bound by any moral law. This would mean that God’s Ten Commandments could easily have been totally the opposite to what they are, encouraging acts like murder and we would still consider them to be good as God is the epitemy of good. This worrying problem was recognized by philosophers such as G.W Leibniz, who decreed, ‘Why praise him for what he has done, if he would be equally as praiseworthy if he had done the contrary?’ There is belief that if God had commanded acts such as murder, people still would not do them as we through our intuition feel they are intrinsically wrong. Another difficulty with the DCT lies in the many different interpretations which can be drawn from God. The existence of lots of different religions all with equal claim to God makes it very complicated as we cannot tell which one is right. Also, if morality depends on God then surely it would be impossible for an atheist to live a moral life, but this is obviously untrue as so many atheists do live morally. Further criticisms of the DCT stem from its assumption that God is omnibenevolent, a claim which is not easy to comprehend for the atheist because of the undeniable existence of evil. Lastly, many people argue that religion is itself immoral, as it is through religion that the most part of suicide bomb attacks, and other horrific acts are carried out. Examples could be drawn from the events in America involving the Twin Towers, or more recently the teacher in Sudan who is imprisoned for allowing a teddy to be named after the prophet Muhammad. If not for religion, these arguably ridiculous acts would never be justifiable. Hume said on the subject, ‘the errors in religion are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous. Richard Dawkins in ‘The God Delusion’, clearly advocates the theory that religion is immoral when he discusses the story of Lot. This ‘righteous’ man is to be saved from the destruction of Soddom and Gomorrah because he is the most worthy man, however he offers his daughters for gang rape. According to Dawkins this emphasizes the serious disrespect for women in an intensely religious culture. B) To what extent is one of these claims more convincing than the other Going back to the basics of the Divine Command Theory, there are 613 commands in the Bible which were originally in effect, but are not now because they are ‘outdated’, and theists argue that an omniscient God used them knowing they would be relevant for different times. These theists fail, however to a provide a logical explanation for why there is nothing in the Bible which can be related to biological advances such as cloning, an omniscient God should be capable of filling in these gaps in moral law. Furthermore, as Dawkins relevantly points out – how can someone decide that parts of the Bible are now irrelevant, this is just picking and choosing which parts are in your best interest to follow. This suggests that the Bible and therefore the DCT does not in fact provide a stable foundation for morality as there are numerous conclusions to be drawn from ‘relevant’ parts. It must also be taken into consideration that the Bible is not in its original form, through hundreds of years it has been composed and revised so (as put forward by Dawkins again) does it not seem strange that we base our whole morality on such a distorted teaching. Another feature of the DCT, is that everyone will be judged by God, punished for their sins, often in the form of natural disasters. People could say that the recent tsunami and Hurricane Katrina incidents were a form of punishment, but as Dawkins once again highlights, why did this have to happen? It is hard to believe that everyone who died in these disasters was evil, so why could our omnipotent God of Classical Theism not just strike down the individuals without causing so much collateral damage. Moreover, this persuasively further argues the immoral messages religion can be seen to give. Often, it is argued that the set in stone rules of the DCT inspire people to live a moral life out of the incentive of making it to heaven, and avoiding hell. This may be true, but does it not tarnish the goodness of an act when it is done out of selfish reason? Does it then make that act immoral? Yes it does, so it can then be said that the DCT again fails to provide a stable, reasonable basis for morality. These set in stone rules are also cause for discussion, as they are obviously inarguable to a Divine Command Theorist. To them, consequentialist views such as killing someone to save a greater number would undisputedly be wrong. Even if our intuition is what is telling us that defying a command is right, the believer in DCT would say it is our intuition at fault; They do, however fail to take into consideration that by their own decrees intuition is given to us by God to live morally, so why would we intuitively want to go against God? Dawkins’ arguments suggest that religion is responsible for the most part of evil in the world and his descriptions of people like terrorists as e.g. ‘Not psychotic; they are religious idealists who, by their own lights, are rational’ certainly make sense. However he makes it seem that no religious person has the capacity to do good, which can easily be refuted at the mere mention of the names Mother Theresa, or Martin Luther King. He also unsurprisingly doesn’t mention the likes of atheist like Stalin who birthed communism in Russia. Despite this, the majority of Dawkins views and the massive flaws in the DCT show the latter statement in the initial question (‘Is something good because God commands it, or does God command something because it is good?’) to be the most convincing of the two. Although the DCT offers a way for humanity to be good, religion itself harbors too many inconsistencies to base everything we stand for on.

Obama and Bush in the Iraq war Essay

On April 11, 1991, the Gulf war ended with a cease fire that was negotiated between the United States and its allies and Iraq. A policy of containment was maintained by the United States and its allies towards Iraq. This policy encompassed various economic sanctions by the United Nations Security Council, the enforcement by the United States and United Kingdom of Iraqi no flying zones and inspections to prevent Iraq from developing chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. In October 1998, the United States official policy toward Iraq became regime change with the enactment of the Iraqi liberation act. The act provided for the transition of Iraq to a democracy following the withdrawal of United Nations weapons inspectors. This legislation however did not correspond with the terms that were set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 which basically focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of change of regime. The United States and the United Kingdom launched the Operation Desert Fox one month after the Iraq Liberation Act was passed. The rationale behind the campaign was to restrict the ability of Saddam’s government to produce chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. On the other hand, United States national security personnel hoped that the exercise would weaken Saddam’s grip on power. With the election of Bush as the United States president in 2000, the United States became actively inclined toward the policy of regime change in Iraq. The Republican’s campaign became prior to the elections called for complete implementation of Iraq Liberation Act and the ousting of Saddam. The invasion of Iraq may have been planned since the inauguration with the first National security meeting discussing the invasion (Hamilton, 2004). However, there are also claims that the National Security Council discussions were a continuation of Clinton’s administration’s foreign policy. However, little formal step was made by the Bush’s administration toward invasion despite its stated interest in liberating Iraq until the September 11, 2001 attacks on the twin towers. The rationale behind the invasion of Iraq after the 9/11 attacks has been questioned as there was little to suggest that Saddam had any cooperation with Al Qaeda. Shortly after the attack, President Bush announced the new war on terrorism which was backed by the doctrine of preemptive military action. Why Bush Started the War The Bush’s administration considered Saddam Hussein to be a major distraction and threat not only to American security but also to global peace. As such, the only way to guarantee the global stability and peace was by ousting Saddam’s regime. The administration believed that Saddam possessed weapons of mass destruction and thus rushed to conquer the country before they could fire any weapon. The administration also believed that Saddam was a major sponsor of terrorists and with the 9/11 attacks, the American people were thirsting for some form of action. The electorate of the United States was skillfully convinced that the best solution to the problem of terrorism was to get Saddam Hussein. As such, the main reason that was given by the Bush’s administration as a justification for the invasion was the Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. Other reasons were that Saddam supported terrorism and held the people of Iraq captive. Another primary motive which was however not stated with regard to the invasion of Iraq was the consolidation of oil resources in Iraq (Holtzman, 2006). A report which was commissioned before the September attacks by Dick Cheney indicated unambiguously identifies Iraq as the main destabilizing influence to the flow of oil to the international markets from the Middle East. The report also indicated that Saddam had expressed a willingness to threaten to employ the oil weapon and to use his own export program to influence and manipulate oil markets. Iraq was a destabilizing influence to global oil flow from the Middle East and therefore United States military intervention was inevitable (Moore, 2004). Within the American grand design for the world, oil plays a major role. The Middle East id the only place that is capable of satisfying the demand for oil as it contains the world’s largest reserves. An increase in the demand for oil was conceived by the Bush administration as inevitable, and Iraq was a stumbling block. The invasion was thus necessary for the United States to guarantee its energy needs. By securing a strategic position in the Gulf region through establishing a friendly and compliant government in Iraq, the United States will not only manage check the OPEC but also influence the conduct of other global powers. Why Obama is against the war According to Obama, Iraq’s invasion without any clear rationale and without strong international support had the capacity to lead to instability not only in Iraq but also in the Middle East (Ambinder, 2007). The invasion, according to him, would fuel sectarian warfare. The Sunnis, having been empowered by Saddam, were likely to discover that they were the targets of Shia radicals who sought for revenge for the way that they were treated and power to control Iraq’s future. Iraq’s insurgency will thus be inspired, not only by the desire to kill the Americans but also by the ambition to be in power when the United States leaves. Obama also opposed the war because he envisioned a situation whereby the attacks would increase leading to the death of more American young people. The difference between Obama and Bush with regard to Iraqi war became clear in 2007. The year marked a critical turning point in the war in Iraq. It was during this period that Iraq sunk into a state of savage sectarian chaos with three thousand civilians dying every month. It was also during this period that the American people lost hope in the war and were thus prepared to bring the troops back to America. However, instead of letting the soldiers go back to America, a move that was favored by both Republicans and Democrats, Bush ordered a troop surge to ease the violence, suppress al Qaeda in Iraq and set the stage for political reconciliation. Obama had much to say concerning this issue, predicting that the surge would not be effective (Stone, 2009). Obama was not convinced that the twenty thousand additional troops would not solve the sectarian violence in Iraq. According to him, the effect will instead be reversed (Obama, 2002). This move, in his view, would not solve the long term political strife between the ethnic and religious groups in Iraq. Obama believed that strategic defense is a much more preferable approach to the entire war, an idea that many people seem to agree with. He opposed the war on the premise that the United states did not know how much it was going to cost, what the exit strategy would be and how the invasion itself will affect the relationship of the United States with the rest of the world. Again, he doubted the soundness of the American intelligence and held that capturing Bin Laden ought to have been the priority. Obama felt that because Al Qaeda had not been put to rest, it may act as distraction. Obama conceived of the invasion of Iraq unwise use of the military. According to him, the invasion brought more problems than solutions as more and more money was being used, more American soldiers were being killed and Al Qaeda had grown stronger. With regard to the reduction of the surge due to the deployment of more troops, Obama felt that it the reduction of violence was mainly as a result of the sacrifice by the soldiers. According to Obama, the Bush administration’s judgment concerning the length of the war, the conception of America by the Iraqis as the liberator and the view that there was no history of violence between the Shiite and the Sunni were all wrong. Obama referred to the war in Iraq as a dangerous distraction. His view is that central front in the war on terror was never Iraq but the terrorist themselves. As such, his position is that the terrorists should be attacked directly. His new strategy has therefore been to directly fight Al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. His first priority has been to end the war in Iraq as he had opposed it from the onset. With his position that the war in Iraq was unnecessary, Obama has made it his responsibility to redeploy the United States combat troops that propel Iraqi leaders toward a political solution, rebuild the military and refocus on Afghanistan and broader American security interests. His plan is to remove the combat brigades from Iraq by 2010 and to send additional combat brigades to Afghanistan. The worth of Iraqi war Assessing the worth of Iraq war requires that one reflects upon whatever would have happened in the Bush administration would have not gone to war in March 2003. There is no secret concerning the things that have gone wrong ever since the United States invaded Iraq but it cannot also be assumed that everything would have gone right if the United States had not invaded Iraq. It is a fact that there was a heavy casualty which does not go well with the American public. However, there is need to address what the alternative to war would have meant. Many people agree that Saddam was not the best leader. Other individuals like Madeleine Albright compared him to Hitler, a comparison that cannot be far from the truth in many respects. Saddam had contempt for human life, killing thousands of his own citizens beside threatening and butchering his neighbors. It may therefore be argued that removing such a man from power was worth some sacrifice. A more intriguing question is however whether the failure of the United States to go to war with Iraq in 2003 would have produced a lasting peace or would have postponed war. It may be said that Saddam would have pushed toward confrontation and war regardless of what might have been done. He brutally and patiently pushed his way to power in Iraq after which he impatiently and brutally made himself the dominant figure in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf. In all these instances, he employed war and the threat of war as his principal tools. In short, Saddam was in every conceivable way a threat not only to his people but also to world peace. However, some individuals have argued that even though Saddam posed a threat to world peace and stability, he would have been contained through sanctions and no-fly zones which would have acted as deterrence (Hunt, 2008). This argument was advanced even before the war even with the belief that he had weapons of mass destruction. For the majority of Americans, the question of whether the war was worth fighting revolves around whether the weapons of mass destruction were recovered or not. However, the major issue is whether Saddam could have been contained. Even though the war in Iraq has remained unpopular, the Iraqi people can claim some success with regard to the introduction of democracy. With the help of the United States, the Iraqi people have been successful in establishing the first Arab democracy. This is a major achievement with regard to the war on terror and for the purpose of liberty. The different ethnic and religious groups can now work together in a national army. They have made important steps in repossessing their country from the insurgents that have invaded their homeland. The Iraqi troops are solely responsible for clearing the Basra and Sadr City. The oppressive regime of Saddam Hussein was ousted. Conclusion The main difference between Obama and Bush on Iraq war lies in the objective of the invasion. The bush’s administration saw it as a war against terrorism while Obama felt that there were better ways of fighting terrorism rather than invading Iraq. A sensible argument for the invasion was not that Saddam was about to attack anyone with a nuclear bomb. It was that the preservation of containment would nit have been indefinite and that Saddam was defying the international community repeatedly and that this defiance seemed to both the Clinton and Bush administration to be succeeding gradually. It may therefore be argued that if the Bush administration would have not gone to war then the United States would have faced a more daring and dangerous Saddam Hussein. References Ambinder, M. (2007, April 21). Obama’s Iraq evolution. National Journal, 39(16), 79-80. Retrieved on March 29, 2009 from EBSCO host database. Hamilton, W. (2004, April 17). Bush began to plan war three months after 9/11. The Washington Post, p. A01. Holtzman, E. (2006). The impeachment of George W. Bush; A handbook for concerned citizens, New York: Nation Books. Hunt, T. (2008. March 18). Bush: Iraq war worth it. The Huffington Post, Moore, J. (2004). Bush’s war for reelection: Iraq, the White House, and the people. John Wiley Obama, B. (2002, October). 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